Analyzing Second Order Dependencies in i

Dependencies among intentional actors is a fundamental feature of i* Modelling. By depending on others, an actor can achieve much beyond what it can by itself. At the same time, the dependent actor becomes vulnerable to the failings of dependees. However, even when dependees are fully fulfilling expectations, over time, depending on other actors can result in structures that are hard to change. By analyzing second-order dependencies, i.e., dependencies among (first-order) dependencies, we determine the extent to which a dependency is depended on by other dependencies. The more a dependency is depended on by other dependencies, the more likely it is to become a barrier to change. Our approach is a model-based formulation of the concept of rigidity in the study of dynamic capabilities in strategic management. The i* models are used to analyze resistance to change in socio technical structures.